2010年4月20日 星期二

Wasted

PregnancyToday, existence 4/20 is a good period to immortalise things that are wasted. Few things are a enthusiastic squander than a departed language, and the Americans hit many. The itemize beneath via Wikipedia, memoralizes these forfeited culutures, most of which module never worthiness so such as a television primary to remember them for forthcoming generations:South AmericaAlthough both North and Central USA are very different areas, South USA has a communication heterogeneity rivalled by exclusive a some another places in the concern with roughly 350 languages ease spoken and an estimated 1,500 languages at prototypal European contact. The situation of module substantiation and arrangement into transmitted families is not as advanced as in North USA (which is relatively well-studied in some areas). . . . it is not probable that the number of specialists in SA Indian languages module process fast sufficiency to document most of the extant SA languages before they go discover of use, as most of them unavoidably will. . .It is clean to say that SA and New Guinea are linguistically the poorest registered parts of the world. However, in the primeval 1960s evenhandedly systematised efforts were launched in island New Guinea, and that area â€" such small than SA, to be trusty â€" is in general such better registered than some part of indigenous SA of same size.As a result, some relationships between languages and module families hit not been determined and some of those relationships that hit been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground."Exitinct indigienous module families in the Americas:1.Aguano †2.Alagüilac (Guatemala)'†3.Andaquí (also famous as Andaqui, Andakí) †4.Andoquero †5.Arauan (9) †6.Baenan (Brazil: Bahia) (also famous as Baenán, Baenã) †7.Betoi (Colombia) (also famous as Betoy, Jirara) †8.Catacaoan (also famous as Katakáoan) †9.Charruan (also famous as Charrúan) †10.Chimuan (3) †11.Cholonan †12.Chorotega (Costa Rica) †13.Coahuilteco †14.Comecrudan (Texas & Mexico) (3) †15.Cotoname †16.Cuitlatec (Mexico: Guerrero) †)17.Coeruna (Brazil) †18.Cunza (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) (also famous as Atacama, Atakama, Atacameño, Lipe, Kunsa) †19.Esmeraldeño (also famous as Esmeralda, Takame) †20.Gamela (Brazil: Maranhão) †21.Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) †22.Guajiboan (4) (also famous as Wahívoan) †23.Guamo (Venezuela) (also famous as Wamo) †24.Huamoé (Brazil: Pernambuco) †25.Huarpe (also famous as Warpe) †26.Jirajaran (3) (also famous as Hiraháran, Jirajarano, Jirajarana) †27.Jeikó †28.Kamakanan †29.Karirí (Brazil: Paraíba, Pernambuco, Ceará) †30.Katembrí †31.Kukurá (Brazil: Mato Grosso) †32.Matanawí †33.Mocana (Colombia: Tubará) †34.Mochita †35.Muzo (Colombia) †36.Natú (Brazil: Pernambuco) †37.Old Catío-Nutabe (Colombia) †28.Omurano (Peru) (also famous as Mayna, Mumurana, Numurana, Maina, Rimachu, Roamaina, Umurano) †39.Otí (Brazil: São Paulo) †40.Otomacoan (2) †41.Pakarara †42.Palta43.Panche †44.Pankararú (Brazil: Pernambuco) †45.Pantagora †46.Peba-Yaguan (2) (also famous as Yaguan, Yáwan, Peban) †47.Puelche (Chile) (also famous as Guenaken, Gennaken, Pampa, Pehuenche, Ranquelche) †48.Puquina (Bolivia) †49.Purian (2) †50.Sechura module (Atalan, Sec) †51.Solano †52.Tairona (Colombia) †53.Tarairiú (Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte) †54.Taruma †55.Tequiraca (Peru) (also famous as Tekiraka, Avishiri) †56.Teushen † (Patagonia, Argentina)57.Timotean (2) †58.Tiniguan (2) (also famous as Tiníwan, pamigua) †59.Tuxá (Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco) † 60.Wakona †61.Xokó (Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) (also famous as Shokó) †62.Xukurú (Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraíba) †63.Yuri (Colombia, Brazil) (also famous as Carabayo, Jurí) †64.Yurumanguí (Colombia) (also famous as Yurimangui, Yurimangi) †65.Adai † 66.Alsean (2) †67.Atakapa †68.Beothuk †69.Cayuse †70.Chimariko †71.Chitimacha †72.Chumashan (6) †73.Coahuilteco †74.Comecrudan (United States & Mexico) (3) †75.Coosan (2) †76.Cotoname †77.Esselen †78.Kalapuyan (3) †79.Karankawa †80.Natchez †81.Salinan †82.Shastan (4) †83.Siuslaw †84.Solano †85.Takelma †86.Timucua †87.Tonkawa †88.Tunica †89.Yana †90.Yuki-Wappo (2) † disputedLiving indigienous languagse families of South America:1.Aikaná (Brazil: Rondônia) (also famous as Aikanã, Tubarão)2.Andoque (Colombia, Peru) (also famous as Andoke)3.Arutani-Sape (2) (also famous as Arutani-sapé)4.Aushiri (also famous as Auxira)5.Aymaran (3)6.Barbacoan (8)7.Bororoan8.Botocudoan (3) (also famous as Aimoré)9.Cahuapanan (2) (also famous as Jebero, Kawapánan)10.Camsá (Colombia) (also famous as Sibundoy, Coche)11.Candoshi (also famous as Maina, Kandoshi)12.Canichana (Bolivia) (also famous as Canesi, Kanichana)13.Carabayo14.Cariban (29) (also famous as Caribe, Carib)15.Cayubaba (Bolivia)16.Chapacura-Wanham (9) (also famous as Chapacuran, Txapakúran)17.Chibchan (Central USA & South America) (22)19.Chipaya-Uru languages (also famous as Uru-Chipaya)18.Chiquitano19.Choco (10) (also famous as Chocoan)20.Chon (2) (also famous as Patagonian21.Cofán (Colombia, Ecuador)22.Cueva23.Culle (Peru) (also famous as Culli, Linga, Kulyi)24.Fulnió25.Guaicuruan (7) (also famous as Guaykuruan, Waikurúan)26.Guató27.Harakmbut (2) (also famous as Tuyoneri)28.Hodï (Venezuela) (also famous as Jotí, Hoti, Waruwaru)29.Huaorani (Ecuador, Peru) (also famous as Auca, Huaorani, Wao, Auka, Sabela, Waorani, Waodani)30.Irantxe (Brazil: Mato Grosso)31.Itonama (Bolivia) (also famous as Saramo, Machoto)32.Jabutian33.Je (13) (also famous as Gê, Jêan, Gêan, Ye)34.Jivaroan (2) (also famous as Hívaro)35.Kaimbe36.Kaliana (also famous as Caliana, Cariana, Sapé, Chirichano)37.Kapixaná (Brazil: Rondônia) (also famous as Kanoé, Kapishaná)38.Karajá39.Katukinan (3) (also famous as Catuquinan)40.Kawésqar (Chile) (Kaweskar, Alacaluf, Qawasqar, Halawalip, Aksaná, Hekaine)41.Kwaza module (Koayá) (Brazil: Rondônia)42.Leco (Lapalapa, Leko)43.Lule (Argentina) (also famous as Tonocoté)44.Maipurean (South USA & Caribbean) (64) (also famous as Maipuran, Arawakan, Anahuacan)45.Maku module (also famous as Macu)46.Malibú (also famous as Malibu)47.Mapudungu (Chile, Argentina) (also famous as Araucanian, Mapuche, Huilliche)48.Mascoyan (5) (also famous as Maskóian, Mascoian)49.Matacoan (4) (also famous as Mataguayan)50.Maxakalían (3) (also famous as Mashakalían)51.Mosetenan (also famous as Mosetén)52.Movima (Bolivia)53.Munichi (Peru) (also famous as Muniche)54.Muran (4)55.Mutú (also famous as Loco)56.Nambiquaran (5)57.Nonuya (Peru, Colombia)58.Ofayé59.Paez (also famous as Nasa Yuwe)60.Pano-Tacanan (33)61.Panzaleo (Ecuador) (also famous as Latacunga, Quito, Pansaleo)62.Patagón63.Pijao64.Puinavean (8) (also famous as Makú)65.Quechuan (46)66.Resígaro (Colombia-Peru border area)67.Rikbaktsá68.Saliban (2) (also famous as Sálivan)69.Salumã (Brazil)70.Taushiro (Peru) (also famous as Pinchi, Pinche)71.Ticuna (Colombia, Peru, Brazil) (also famous as Magta, Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukna, Tukuna)72.Tucanoan (15)73.Trumai (Brazil: Xingu, Mato Grosso)74.Tupian (70, including Guaraní) 75.Urarina (also famous as Shimacu, Itukale, Shimaku)76.Vilela77.Warao (Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela) (also famous as Guarao)78.Wayuu (Venezuela and Colombia)79.Witotoan (6) (also famous as Huitotoan, Bora-Witótoan)80.Yaghan (Chile) (also famous as Yámana)81.Yaruro (also famous as Jaruro)82.Yanomaman (4)83.Yuracare (Bolivia)84.Zamucoan (2)85.Zaparoan (5) (also famous as Záparo)Living indigienous module families of Central USA and Mexico and not U.S. or Canada:1.Bribri (Costa Rica)2.Boruca (Costa Rica)3.Chibchan (Central USA & South America) (22)4.Guaicurian (8)5.Huetar (Costa Rica)6.Huave7.Jicaquean8.Lencan9.Maratino (northeastern Mexico)10.Mayan (31)11.Misumalpan12.Mixe-Zoquean (19)13.Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas)14.Oto-Manguean (27)15.P'urhépecha16.Quinigua (northeast Mexico)17.Seri18.Tequistlatecan (3)19.Totonacan (2)20.XincanLiving indigienous module families of the U.S., Canada and Greenland:1.Algic (30) 180,000 speakers; Northeast U.S. and Eastern Canada2.Caddoan (5) 65 speakers; Great Plains3.Chimakuan (2) 10 speakers; pedagogue State4.Chinookan (3) 7 speakers; Pacific Northwest5.Eskimo-Aleut (7) 110,000 speakers; Artic6.Haida 320 speakers; American inshore islands and neighboring Canada7.Iroquoian (11) 26,000 speakers; Northwest United States8.Karuk 335 speakers; California9.Keresan (2) 7971 speakers; New Mexico10.Kiowa-Tanoan (7) 5535 speakers; Southeast United States11.Kutenai 10 speakers; Idaho-Montana-British Columbia12.Maiduan (4) 5 speakers; Northern California13.Muskogean (9) 26,103 speakers; Southeast United States;14.Na-Dené (United States, Canada & Mexico) (39); 200,000 Northwest and Southwest U.S.15.Palaihnihan (2) 8 speakers; NE California16.Plateau Indian (4) (also famous as Shahapwailutan) 301 speakers; Pacific NW;17.Pomoan (7) 255 speakers; NW California;18.Salishan (23) 100 speakers; Greater Seattle19.Siouan-Catawban (19) 33465 speakers; Central Plains of United States;20.Tsimshianic (2) 2170 speakers; nation river coast;21.Utian (15) (also famous as Miwok-Costanoan) Dozens of speakers; California23.Uto-Aztecan (33) (United States and Mexico) 1.95 meg speakers; Southwest U.S. and Mexico24.Wakashan (7) 1,063 speakers; nation river Coast;25.Washo 252 speakers; CA-NV border26.Wintuan (4) 5-6 speakers; Sacramento Valley;27.Yokutsan (3) thousands of speakers; California28.Yuchi 5 speakers; Southeast United States29.Yuman-Cochimí (11) (United States and Mexico) 1,741 speakers; Grand Canyon and Baja California;30.Zuni 9551 speakers; NM and AZCopyright Andrew Oh-Willeke (2009)Pregnancy care
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